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About Stock Market Charts

Stock Market Charts.


A stock chart provides a graphic representation, a picture, of the price and volume action of a stock over a pre-selected period of time.

In other words, a picture from which you can see how the price of a stock has fluctuated, its highs and lows of each day or each week or each month, or longer, and how it has changed overall during the past until the present. Where it was at the start, where it has been, and where it is now.

The changes in price over time shown on the stock chart are accompanied by a graph of changes in the number of trading transactions that occurred during each of those particular time periods, referred to as volume, and that volume is customarily recorded on the chart below the fluctuating price line so in this way the correlation between price and volume changes can readily be seen.

As well as depicting the movements of an individual stock, the chart can instead similarly show the price and volume changes for a group of stocks, a few or many, for instance, all the stocks in a sector, or all the stocks on any or all of the stock exchanges, or any other selected group of combined issues.

A versatile tool
The stock chart that shows price and volumes over time is a versatile tool for the viewer to gain an insight into what has happened and is currently happening to a particular stock or group of stocks. It helps in understanding patterns of price changes or other characteristics from which might be deduced possible future movements of the stock as new or similar events occur in the immediately following and future time period.

It is important that those wishing to learn how to trade stocks should become familiar with chart patterns, some of which are often common to a wide range of stocks.

Just imagine how you would be able to profit if you could accurately forecast the future price movement of a stock from a stock chart. However, to understand and interpret a chart can be complicated process with little certainty that any projections into the future will actually occur. The interpretation of a chart is an art not a science but is nevertheless, on many levels, a very useful and valuable tool. The reading and interpretations of charts is part of a wider topic known as technical analysis.

While price and volume are the major component of charts, they are usually accompanied by graphs of several other properties related to the price and volume action that has taken place.

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Stock Charts, First a Look at the S&P 500

As mentioned in earlier posts in this series, stock charts are an important visual aid in recognizing the general patterns of trading activity that has taken place over a prior period of trading, something useful to know. There are several styles used to convey trading activity that vary slightly in accordance with the information portrayed but they are not difficult to understand. With continued usage, stock charts become a familiar tool useful when first looking into the merits of a particular stock or index. It is not necessary to become too deeply involved in technical analysis to at least recognize a few basic characteristics. I strongly urge anyone wishing to learn how to trade stocks to become familiar with stock charts. A wealth of free information and charts is available at StockCharts.com, do please check it out.

A simple chart example, the S&P 500 activity over two years,
So as an example, let us look at a single simple chart that shows the trading activity for the last two years of a composite of stocks known as the Standard and Poor’s 500 Index, more often referred to as the S&P 500. There are several other stock market indexes and several more S&P indexes, covering different numbers of stocks but the S&P 500 is the index most recognized as representing the broad U.S. economy, serving as a proxy for the entire stock market. The S&P 500 is a list of 500 stocks of leading companies from leading industries. There is a great deal more of interest to the Standard and Poor’s activities and indexes than can be covered here, so let us proceed to the chart, where we will just consider one aspect.

Looking at Stock Charts

The chart below is somewhat distorted on a computer screen, but I hope that it is sufficiently well defined to enable you to follow these comments that describe the main elements it displays. The chart covers the past two-year period of the broad U.S. market. The 24 months are indicated along the horizontal axis at the bottom of the chart and the prices in ascending values are shown on the vertical axis at the extreme right, they are not particularly legible at this scale but that does not really matter for our purpose here.

The other ragged pattern, immediately above the horizontal row of months, looking somewhat like a distant mountain range, depicts the fluctuating trading volume over the period.

Please note: Stock charts normally include many more details than I show in this first chart, we can cover them all later but for now, to keep it simple, the chart below portrays much less data than usual.

A Question for you:  What is the main thing that this chart tells you?S&P 500 - 2 year stock chart

The answer is that it clearly shows the market’s primary trends, first down then up. From the far left side it shows that around March of 2008, the broad market fell from 1300 or above to about 650 in early March 2009 when it bottomed out. The market then began a reversal, with a few ups and downs along the way, until mid January of this year, 2010. We can also see that it is currently in a downturn, has been for a few weeks, we can call that a correction, which we can refer to later elsewhere, and this correction, so far, appears to be much like the one that occurred from mid June to mid July of last year, 2009.

But we cannot confirm that yet, eventually the chart will show what takes place and even from this chart, which is not really suitable for the more recent to present short term, we can set some target levels which we can call “support” and “resistance” – but those will be better shown on a six month period chart that we will examine next, tomorrow!

The above chart does show other important information, the 50-day and 200-day moving averages for instance, but those are better referred to on a 6-month or 3-month period chart, nuggets of information for those learning to trade in the stock market that we will deal with shortly.

Our Pretend Trading Portfolio and Watch List – Opening today
For illustration purposes only, our Pretend BUY today was Texas Instruments, Inc., (TXN) 100 shares @ $23.50 for the stock and 5 long option CALLs of April 23 Strike @ $1.63, with a Delta of 62. I will explain those terms soon, but meanwhile it gives us something to watch and TXN in the last couple of days is showing the beginnings of a possible move up. These dummy transactions will give us a chance to also open up Chart of Transactions.

We will put AAPL and GOOG on our Watch List, they are trading sideways right now and we will watch to see whether they break out to the upside or downside, but RIMM also added to our Watch List today is giving an early signal that it might move up but not confirmed with any decent volume.

Next, we will examine 6-month charts that will enable us to make more observations.

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First, a Look at the Market for the Day

Adding Stocks to a Watch List

[See "Our Watch List  selections" at the end of this post]
August 16, 2010
The date is not really important and the way the market looks today will probably be different tomorrow and certainly much different in future week and months. But it is useful to choose a number of stocks that,  for whatever reason, we find of interest, whether they be stocks in the news, with upcoming earnings releases, stocks from active sectors, traditional market leaders, whatever, they are useful to watch and follow their progress to see whether that progress can be related to any particular “standard” stock chart patterns.

A look to see how the stock market is performing should be a regular practice and appropriate to do and briefly comment on in this blogsite, called How to Trade Stocks Guide, because it gives us reference points for comparison, especially with our emphasis on the use of stock charts to  enable us to observe what happens with the market and some specific stocks in the following weeks, using real stocks for reference with their action depicted on their stock chart.

We can look at the stock market from the viewpoint of trading and what’s involved in selecting stocks to trade and introduce terminology used to describe its various aspects in what is shaping up to be an active market for 2010.

I assume that anyone who may initiate a search and clicks on this site is probably in the early stages of becoming involved in trading, wanting to do some due diligence by checking out various information sources as they begin to learn how to trade stocks or they may be wishing to add to what they already know in order to prepare themselves for the real action that will involve putting cash at risk with the anticipation of making winning trades.

Today we will choose some stock candidates
– but for illustration purposes only!

Let us select some stocks to examine so we can just comment on them and their characteristics and their trading patterns if any and why they may be worth buying. Or worth selling.

There are thousands to choose from but it might be more interesting to select a well known issue or two, such as Apple, or Rimm, in the technical sector and a few from other sectors. We can follow their progressfrom time to time, or see how they have performed in recent times by using available internet information sources such as CBS Marketwatch or Yahoo Finance, and we will see whether any conclusions can be drawn from them. We might also look at a couple of indexes, exchange traded funds known as ETF’s. whatever we can use for discussion while trying to keep some semblance of continuity as we cover various aspects of the market.

Don’t trade against the trend
We will discuss trends later but for now I should just say that we are now in a down trend of a market correction that started about a month ago after the previous six months of upward trend since an earlier month-long correction in the summer of 2009. A general rule is to refrain from trading against the trend unless there are very good reasons to do so. But in order for us to have an example of an active stock to discuss, I will select one that I think may have merit and take a small long position ( only for my Pretend Portfolio of course). If it turns against us, that is, falls in price, we will be able to demonstrate what to do to control the amount of loss that we will suffer.

As we gradually introduce descriptive terms and processes we will build a glossary to provide a more detailed explanation for later reference, for instance, a description of ETF’s or sectors, mentioned above, and why some sectors are more in vogue than others.

Stock charts, an important visual aid
A stock or stock-index chart shows very graphically the fluctuating prices over a particular time-span leading up to the present and it can help in tracking the performance if we continue to watch that same chart, with others, as the trading days and the market action unfolds over the following days and weeks. An explanation and examples of charts are given in following pages of this series.

Closing prices
It is customary to look at the closing prices for each day’s trading on the DOW, the Nasdaq, and the S&P, the major stock exchanges that provide a barometer of the current state of the market.

Prices fluctuate throughout the day but it is the closing price that is the most important to watch, and sometimes the trading activities that take place towards the end of the trading session can indicate something of value when considered in the context of the stock’s trading pattern or latest news.

The charts and the recent past
A simple perusal of a chart of the trading over the last two years, shows the market is currently experiencing a correction after being in an upward trend since early March of last year, 2009. There was a prior month long correction starting in June. The link below will take us to this chart.

At the time of this writing, February 12, 2010, the charts show that the primary trend remains upward but the DOW, having broken through support levels at 10,000, is indicating a further correction to possible support at 9700, or lower to 9500, or even lower than that.

At this date, events affecting the market include the sovereign debt problem, as it’s known, meaning the financial crisis in countries of the European Monetary Union, and especially in Greece, Portugal, and Italy, where massive public debt is overwhelming. The US and the UK are also grappling with similar problems for which the outcome remains uncertain and the markets abhor uncertainty. Attention is also focused on the U.S. Dollar.

Other markets around the world have problems too while China tries to slow growth in its economy in order to contain inflation.

So the foregoing is already giving us a few terms for our explanation list as we begin our discussion on our How to Trade Stocks Guide website.

The “market” we refer to is comprised mainly of stocks listed in the indexes of the Dow Jones, the NASDAQ, the NYSE and the S&P 500, with perhaps some exceptions.

The explanations for terms already used in the above paragraphs can be found in the [proposed] Glossary that will be commenced in a day or two

Terms so far are:

Correction ♦ Trend and primary trend ♦  Support and resistance ♦ Stock and index chart ♦  DOW, and also the Nasdaq and the S&P

Moving averages, the 20-day, 50-day, and 100-day

Our Watch List stock selection for future analysis:
Our Watch List should include AAPL, RIMM, GOOG, TXN, MSFT, IBM, XOM, SU. and BP ( new addition added after the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico) We can elaborate more on these choices when we have had a chance to check their charts which can be seen without charge at http://stockcharts.com/. Just enter the ticker symbol: AAPL, RIMM, etc) in the box beneath the menu bar and click “GO”. You can also check them out at http://finance.yahoo.com/.

What’s next?
Next we want to look at charts and what we can deduce from them, we will be noting the patterns of stock movement and their relationships to  superimposed reference graph lines such as the 20, 50, and 100 day moving averages — and others.

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